Post-traumatic stress disorder in Canada. Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Patterson B, Boyle MH. A Study of Customer satisfaction with planning movement of goods during disaster aid programs: a case study of flood hit in segamat. Jaafar JB, Ishak ANB, Hassan SB, Bin KF, Adrutdin MIQ. Disaster response and potentials of social capital. Individual differences in defensive stress-responses: the potential relevance for psychopathology. Role of CRF receptor signaling in stress vulnerability, anxiety, and depression. Hauger RL, Risbrough V, Oakley RH, Olivares-Reyes JA, Dautzenberg FM. What is stress? Stress challenges and immunity in space. Impact of the Russian invasion on mental health of adolescents in Ukraine. Osokina O, Silwal S, Bohdanova T, Hodes M, Sourander A, Skokauskas N. Long-term follow-up of Iranian veteran upper extremity amputees from the Iran-Iraq war (1980–1988). Physical and mental health consequences of war-related stressors among older adults: an analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder and arthritis in northern Vietnamese war survivors. Korinek K, Loebach P, Teerawichitchainan B. 12 Healing Words: St Guthlac and the Trauma of War. The Ukrainian paediatric mental health system: challenges and opportunities from the Russo-Ukrainian war. Martsenkovskyi D, Martsenkovsky I, Martsenkovska I, Lorberg BJTLP. While epigenetic research has the potential to further our understanding of the effects of trauma, the findings must be interpreted with caution because epigenetic molecular mechanisms is only one piece of a complicated puzzle of interwoven biological and environmental components. Also, the finding of biomarkers for diagnosing the possibility of psychiatric illnesses in people exposed to stressful conditions such as war necessitates extensive research. These genetic modifications may cause long-term changes in the stress response as well as physical health risks. In war survivors, epigenetic changes in genes mediating the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, as well as the immune system, have been reported. This article addresses how epigenetic mechanisms, which are a key biological mechanism for dynamic adaptation to environmental stressors, may help explain the long-term and transgenerational consequences of trauma. Traumatic events during the war may have long-term repercussions on psychological and biological parameters in future generations, implying that traumatic stress may have transgenerational consequences. War trauma has been linked to changes in the neuroendocrine and immunological systems and increases the risk of physical disorders.
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